About Cranium The human brain is protected by the skull called the Cranium. The cranium has the following layers Scalp Bone Duramater Arachnoids membrane Arachnoids space Pia mater Brain tissue Normal functioning of the brain requires normal intracranial pressure. This intracranial pressure is increased due to:- Infection in brain/spinal cord Space occupying lesions/Tumors Head Injuries Problems pertaining to blood vessels especially cerebral artery that supplies the blood to brain. Types of Intracranial Hemorrhage Intracranial Hemorrhage can broadly be divided in two sub types Extra - axial Hemorrhage Intra - axial Hemorrhage Extra-axial Hemorrhage It refers to the bleeding that occurs within the skull but outside brain tissue. It is further classified as follows:- Epidural hemorrhage Subdural Hemorrhage Sub arachnoid Hemorrhage Epidural hemorrhage It is the condition when hemorrhage occurs between skull and duramater. The source of bleeding is meningeal artery. Most common causes include head trauma motor vehicle accidents fall assault Clinical features Altered consciousness Headache Vomiting Confusion Seizures Aphagia Subdural Hemorrhage It is the condition when the bleeding occurs in between duramater and arachnoids membrane. The source of bleeding is usually venous blood. Most common causes include head trauma motor vehicle accidents fall assault Clinical features Altered consciousness Headache Vomiting Confusion Seizures Aphagia Coma occurs in 50% of cases Sub arachnoid Hemorrhage The source of bleeding is aneurysm rupture (cerebral artery). Most common causes include:- Rupture of sacular aneurysm Non aneurismal subarachnoid Hemorrhage Clinical features: Sudden severe headache Vomiting Seizure Loss of vision Meningismus Intra-axial Haemorrhage It is of the following types:- Intracerebral Hemorrhage Intraventricular Hemorrhage Intracerebral Hemorrhage It is further classified on the basis of location such as:- Lobar Hemorrhage Thalamic Hemorrhage Pontine Hemorrhage Cerebellar Hemorrhage It is the second most common cause of Stroke (First being embolism/Thrombus formation). Etiology Hypertension Embolism Brain tumor Bleeding disorders Drugs Clinical features Neurological symptoms depending on the areas that is affected Nausea/vomiting Decreased level of consciousness Intraventricular Hemorrhage The condition happens when the bleeding occurs within the ventricles of brain. This most often occurs as a secondary phenomenon when intracerebral hemorrhage rupture or when subarachnoid hemorrhage extends the ventricles.